What are ceramics?

Papier-mâché is a composite material made from pieces of paper or pulp, reinforced with textiles and bound with adhesives like starch, wallpaper paste, or glue. There are two main methods to create papier-mâché: one involves layering strips of paper soaked in adhesive, while the other uses a pulp made by boiling or soaking paper and then adding glue. Though each method has a different process, both yield similar results.

Readymade is the term coined by French artist Marcel Duchamp to describe artworks created from manufactured objects. Duchamp selected ordinary, functional items that he felt had visual indifference, turning them into art simply by choosing and presenting them in a new context. This concept challenged traditional notions of art and continues to influence artists who adopt similar approaches today.

Environmental art is a collective term that refers to a wide range of artistic practices and works that engage with historical and ecological themes. The term often encompasses ecological concerns, although it is not exclusively defined by them. Environmental art acknowledges and appreciates the early history of the environmental art movement, including works with activist themes and those celebrating the connection between nature and the artist through the use of natural materials.