What is Tempera?

Spatialism is an art movement that originated in Italy in 1947, founded by Lucio Fontana with the intention of synthesizing sound, color, movement, and space into a new form of art. The movement's central ideas were outlined in Fontana's first manifesto, published in 1947, where he introduced the concept of spatial art to capture the spirit of the post-war era. His ideas were further developed in five subsequent manifestos. Although Fontana's ideas were sometimes considered vague, his influence was significant, as he was one of the first European artists to emphasize art as a performance and gesture.

Capitalist Realism is a German form of political pop art that emerged in Cold War-era Berlin in 1963. It sought to challenge the dominance of American pop art in the Western world. The movement blended the ideologies of both pop art and socialist realism, offering a critique of consumer culture and political power.

Minimalism is a style in music and visual arts characterized by pared-down designs and simplicity. It began in Western art after World War II, gaining prominence particularly in American visual arts. Minimalism draws heavily on aspects of modernism and is often viewed as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism, as well as a precursor to post-minimal art practices. Prominent minimalist artists include Agnes Martin, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Frank Stella, and Dan Flavin.