Murakami: 'And Then And Then And Then And Then And Then' (1996-2013): A Definitive Study

By Kris Ghesquière

Introduction

'And Then And Then And Then And Then And Then,' initiated in 1996, stands as one of Takashi Murakami's most significant series, embodying his unique approach to art production and his philosophical framework of Superflat theory. This series, spanning nearly two decades, represents a crucial intersection of commercial production techniques with fine art sensibilities.

The series is characterized by its playful yet unsettling figure, Mr. DOB, whose form draws from anime and manga influences, integrating a vibrant color palette with exaggerated features. Murakami's Mr. DOB becomes more than just a character; it is an icon that challenges the distinctions between East and West, tradition and modernity, fine art and consumer culture.


Technical Specifications

Original 1996 Version

• Medium: Acrylic on canvas mounted on board
• Dimensions: 300 x 300 cm
• Surface: Hand-sanded finish
• Color palette: Primary iteration featured blue background with red and white DOB figure

Print Editions

• Lithograph series (1996-2013)
• Screen print editions
• Various sizes ranging from 50 x 50 cm to 180 x 180 cm
• Edition sizes typically 50-300 per variant

Title Variations and Nomenclature

The title of this series has multiple variations, reflecting Murakami's playful approach to language. The repetition in the title echoes the endless cycles of consumer culture, emphasizing how we are constantly seeking more, yet never truly satisfied.

Official Titles

• Japanese: 'そして、そして、そして、そして、そして'

English variations:

• 'And then and then and then and then and then'
• 'And Then x 6'
• 'And Then x 727'
• 'And then (Red)'/'And then (Blue)' for specific variants

Catalog reference numbers (Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd.):

• Original: KK_AT_1996_001
• Print series: KK_ATP_[YEAR]_[NUMBER]

Production Process

The production of this series involved a careful blend of industrial and traditional methods. Murakami used industrial acrylic paint applied with mechanical masking techniques for sharp, clean lines, while specialized spray equipment was used to create gradient effects. 

The hand-sanding finish, involving multiple layers, reveals Murakami's dedication to craftsmanship. This meticulous process not only reflects his training in nihonga but also highlights his fascination with merging traditional Japanese art techniques with contemporary materials and approaches.


Series Evolution and Variations

The evolution of this series can be traced through its color variations and production innovations.

Chronological Development

1. 1996 Original

• Blue/red classic version
• First appearance of hand-sanding technique
• Initial exhibition at Blum & Poe Gallery

2. 1999 Color Series

• Yellow background variant (Edition of 50)
• Pink background variant (Edition of 50)
• Green background variant (Edition of 50)
• Enhanced printing techniques introduced

3. 2006 Platinum Collection

• Metallic ink variations
• Diamond dust enhancement
• Edition of 100
• Special certificate system introduced

4. 2013 Final Series

• Return to original colorway
• Enhanced production techniques
• Last official edition of 300
• Commemorative packaging

Conservation Considerations

The technical complexity of the 'And Then And Then And Then And Then And Then' series requires meticulous conservation efforts to preserve its vibrant colors and pristine surfaces. 

Material Stability

1. Paint Layer Analysis

• Light sensitivity studies of specific pigments
• Documentation of aging patterns
• Interface between different paint layers
• Surface texture preservation

2. Storage Requirements

• Temperature: Constant 20-22°C
• Humidity: 45-55% RH
• Light exposure: Maximum 50 lux
• Handling protocols

Conservation Case Studies

Conservation efforts have been particularly challenging due to the combination of traditional nihonga techniques and industrial paints. The 2008 restoration project, for instance, focused on treating surface abrasions and ensuring the consistency of Murakami's vibrant colors, employing advanced color matching technologies and precise documentation procedures. This approach to conservation demonstrates the ongoing commitment to preserving the unique blend of tradition and innovation that characterizes Murakami's art.

Authentication Features

Murakami's work, particularly with such a widely recognized series, includes various authentication features to protect against forgeries:

1. Original Paintings

• Specific canvas weave pattern
• Documented hand-sanding patterns
• Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd. certification
• UV-reactive security features

2. Print Editions

• Embossed studio seal
• Sequential numbering
• Certificate of authenticity 
• Archival documentation

Market History

The first major auction of the series occurred in 1999 at Christie's London, marking its debut on the international market. By 2006, the Sotheby's record sale demonstrated the growing demand for Murakami's work, especially given his increasing prominence as an international art star. The release of the final series in 2013 saw unprecedented interest, with all editions quickly selling out, underscoring the enduring appeal of Mr. DOB and the iconic imagery Murakami created.

Auction Records

• 1999: Christie's London debut
• 2006: Sotheby's record sale
• 2013: Final series release pricing

Exhibition History

Murakami has exhibited the 'And Then And Then And Then And Then And Then' series in numerous major art institutions worldwide, each time placing Mr. DOB in a different context, thereby inviting new interpretations. The premiere of the series at Blum & Poe Gallery in 1997 was a seminal moment, introducing audiences to Murakami's blend of pop culture and fine art. Subsequent exhibitions, such as the 2001 'Superflat' tour and the 2005 MoCA Los Angeles retrospective, further established Murakami's reputation as a pioneering artist capable of navigating both Western and Japanese art worlds. The 2019 exhibition at Tai Kwun Contemporary allowed for a renewed examination of the series in light of Murakami's later works and broader influence.

Solo Exhibitions

• 1997: Blum & Poe Gallery premiere
• 2001: 'Superflat' exhibition tour
• 2005: MoCA Los Angeles retrospective
• 2019: Tai Kwun Contemporary

Technical Legacy

The technical innovations introduced by Murakami through this series have had a lasting impact on the contemporary art world. By integrating industrial production techniques with traditional Japanese art forms, Murakami challenged conventional approaches to both art-making and the definition of what art can be. His development of new finishing methods, such as the hand-sanding process, has influenced not only other artists but also the broader fields of printmaking and painting. 

Moreover, his material innovations, including custom pigment formulations and surface treatments, have expanded the possibilities for other artists looking to merge different cultural and technical traditions.

Conclusion

'And Then And Then And Then And Then And Then' represents a pivotal moment in contemporary art production, combining industrial techniques with traditional craftsmanship. Its evolution over seventeen years documents not only Murakami's artistic development but also significant advances in art production and conservation techniques. The series stands as a testament to the possibility of creating works that successfully bridge commercial production and fine art practices while maintaining their cultural and market relevance.



References

Primary Sources

1. Artist Documentation

• Murakami, Takashi. 'The Art of DOB.' Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd., 2001
• Studio production records
• Artist interviews and statements

2. Exhibition Catalogs

• '© MURAKAMI.' MoCA Los Angeles, 2007
• 'The Meaning of the Nonsense of the Meaning.' CCS Museum, 1999

Technical Documentation

1. Conservation Reports

• Institution conservation records
• Treatment documentation
• Material analysis studies

2. Market Documentation

• Auction catalogs (1996-2024)
• Gallery records
• Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd. archives