
What is Cubism?
Cubism is an art movement that aimed to depict multiple perspectives of objects or figures within a single picture. Artists Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso pioneered this style around 1907. The name Cubism emerged from their use of geometric shapes and outlines that often resembled cubes, breaking objects down into abstracted forms.
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Appropriation in art involves using pre-existing images or objects with little or no modification. This technique has played a significant role across various art forms, including visual arts, music, performance, and literature. In visual arts, appropriation refers to the practice of adopting, sampling, recycling, or borrowing elements—or even entire forms—of existing visual culture, integrating them into new works to create meaning or critique.

De Stijl, meaning The Style, was a group of Dutch artists who created abstract art based on strict adherence to vertical and horizontal geometry. The group was founded by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg in 1917. Mondrian eventually left De Stijl when Van Doesburg began incorporating diagonal geometry into his work, which Mondrian felt deviated from the group's principles.

Nouveau Réalisme is an artistic movement founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany and painter Yves Klein during a collective exhibition at a gallery in Milan. Restany wrote the original manifesto in April 1960, proclaiming the movement. In October of that year, nine artists, including Martial Raysse, Yves Klein, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, Arman, Pierre Restany, and three Ultra-Lettrists—Jacques de la Villeglé, François Dufrêne, and Raymond Hains—signed the declaration. In 1961, the movement expanded to include Mimmo Rotella, Niki de Saint Phalle, Gérard Deschamps, and César. The movement emphasized a return to reality in art, often incorporating everyday objects and exploring the boundaries between art and life.
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